Lesson+Plan+6+-+Experimental+Design

**Grade level: **9-10
 * Title of Activity: Experimental Design **

**Concept covered in activity: **This lesson is centered on experimental design using the scientific method.

**Colorado State Science Standards (2010) ** Standard 2 - Life Science  1.a Analyze how energy flows through trophic levels  1.c Analyze and interpret data from experiments on ecosystems where something has been added or withdrawn from the environment  2.a Analyze and interpret data about the impact of removing keystone species from an ecosystem

**Learning Objectives: **Students will be able to…
 * Interpret experiments for results
 * Identify different aspects of an experiment (independent & dependent variables, controls, hypothetical results, etc) using various examples
 * Create their own experimental design when given background information
 * Make predictions to experiments and support these predictions with hypothetical data
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Compare and contrast data from different experiments

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Focus Question: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Last class, we learned about an experiment conducted on the fitness of //Plodia interpunctella// using different diet types. Each diet type had a distinct effect on the moth's fitness. Based on the results from the experiment, which diet type had the most negative effect on the //P. interpuncetella// fitness? Make a hypothesis predicting how the lowered fitness of the moth from the diet type affects other organisms (like //Habrobracon hebetor//, the parasitic wasp we learned about) that interact with //P. interpunctella//? Justify your answer.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Materials: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Word Experiment worksheet (1 per student)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Experimental Design Worksheet (1 per student)
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Habrobracon hebetor //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> Fitness Experiment handout (1 per student)
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Plodia interpunctella //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> Fitness Experiment PowerPoint (for reference - see Appendix B2)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Rulers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Grasshopper pictures – male, female, nymph (10 of each)

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Teacher Preparation for Lesson: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Be sure you have all the copies made before the class starts
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Print off and cut out grasshopper images for **Explore** activity before class starts (1 insect per student )
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Be familiar with both the //Plodia// and //Habrobracon// experiments

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Procedure/activity: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-Using the PowerPoint on the // P. interpunctella // experiment from the previous class, give the students the results data table to use for reference. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-When students have finished, have a few students share their answers with the class, but do not give them any "correct" answer || // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What is the difference between independent and dependent variables? // ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Describe activity to the class:  ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Each student will receive a picture of a grasshopper. Each student is to measure the length of that grasshopper (in cm) and record it in their notebooks. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hand out grasshoppers to students (1 per student) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Students should measure their grasshoppers <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The class will compile the class data on the front white board in a table that looks like this: || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  ||  ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Male  ** ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Grasshopper **  ||  ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Female Grasshopper  **  ||  ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Nymph Grasshopper  **  || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">After students have compiled all their data, lead a class discussion about why the lengths of the grasshoppers were different and what the different variables were in this activity. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-// Why are there different lengths to these grasshoppers? //  // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-What determines the length of the grasshopper? // // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-What would be the independent and dependent variables in this experiment? // // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-Why? // // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-What can we conclude from these results? // // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">-Was this experiment scientific? // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Have student write down a brief explanation of this activity in their notebooks, explaining what they did, what the different variables were, and what they concluded from the activity. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- After explaining the assignment, hand out the Experimental Design Worksheet <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- Ask for any questions ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- Student should all be designing their own experiment, but can brainstorm ideas together ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- Have the // Plodia interpunctella // Experiment PowerPoint available to the students to use as a reference. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- Allow student to begin work on the assignment in class, making yourself available for the students with questions. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- The assignment should be completed as homework || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The students should read the results from the real experiment to themselves. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Conduct a discussion with the class about what the real results were from the experiment. // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- What does the data table with the results show? // // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- Which diet type had the greatest effect on the fitness of the wasps? // // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- Was this the same diet types that most affected the moth fitness? // // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">- What are some possible explanations for these results? // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">After the brief discussion, explain concluding activity to them: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">After looking over the results from the real experiment, you must now write a brief essay about what you have learned. ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Essay prompt: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Have students work on this brief essay summarizing what they had learned from the experiments. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Collect the essays as a formative assessment. ||
 * ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Engage ** || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Have students answer the focus questions independently in their note books.
 * ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Explore ** || ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Start discussion on independent and dependent variables  **
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The independent variable is the part of the experiment that is being actively manipulated, the part that is intentionally changed
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The dependent variable is the part of the experiment that is changing because of the manipulations in the experiment; it is what is measured in the experiment
 * ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Length (in cm) ** || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  ||
 * ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Elaborate ** || ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Explain to the class the experimental design activity.  **
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Now that we are comfortable with the scientific method, and how to correctly identify the variables and controls in an experiment, we are going to design our own experiment.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Your task is to design an experiment that tests how the fitness of // P. interpunctella //from the previous experiment (using the different diets) affects the fitness of // Habrobracon hebetor, // who parasitize the moths.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Will the fitness of the moths from the previous experiment have an effect on the fitness of the parasitic wasps that prey upon them?  //
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Your experiment will attempt to exemplify the effects of ** tritrophic interaction. **
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Think about how you could test the fitness of the parasitic wasps.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What will be your independent and dependent variables? //
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What will be your controls? //
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">How will you measure fitness? //
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Your assignment is to design an experiment that would test this interaction **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">You must decide how you will test the interaction, what the variables are, how to measure your results, and what controls you will have on the experiment.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Be sure to look back over your notes from the // P. interpunctella // experiment to base your experiment off of.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">After you have designed the experiment, the next step will be predict what your results will be. You will draw a graph of what your expected results will be. This can be done as a separate graph for each measure of wasp fitness that you decide to measure, or a single graph. Be sure to title and label all graphs, but exact data point are not necessary.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">After drawing the graph, write a brief analysis and conclusion for the experiment.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What results would you expect to see from your experiment? //
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Why do you think you would get these results? //
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What do the results mean? //
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">In the conclusion, relate the hypothetical results from your experiment to the idea of tritrophic interactions
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What were the overall effects on both //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">P. interpunctella// and //H. hebetor// of the different diets? //
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What were the overall effects on both //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">P. interpunctella// and //H. hebetor// of the different diets? //
 * ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Evaluate ** || ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">After the students have completed their experimental design, and wrote their conclusions, present them with the real data from the // H. hebetor // fitness experiment  **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> (handout)
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0in margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;">// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Compare and contrast the results from the real experiment with your own experiment's hypothetical results. Did the real results surprise you, or was it what you had expected from the beginning? Explain. Be sure to refer to specifics in each lab, and support your statements with evidence from the results. //

** Experimental Design Worksheet ** Name_ __Period___

**//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Will the fitness of the moths from the previous experiment have an effect on the fitness of the parasitic wasps that prey upon them? //**  ** Directions: ** Your job is to create an experiment that will test how the fitness of //Plodia interpunctella// affects the fitness of the parasitic wasp //Habrobracon hebetor//. Use the experiment on the fitness of //P.// //interpunctella// as a source to help you design this experiment, as well as the background information provided to you about //H. hebetor//. Think about the following questions when designing your experiment:
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What is fitness? //
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">How will you measure fitness of the wasps? //
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What will be your independent and dependent variables? //
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What will be your controls? //
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">What is your hypothesis? //

Complete the form below with your experimental design:

** Title of Experiment: **

** Purpose: **

** Hypothesis: **

** Independent Variable: ** (What are you altering in this experiment?)

** Dependent Variable: ** (What are you measuring in this experiment?)

** Controls: ** (What factors will you keep constant in the experiment?)

*Now that you know what your experiment is, write out the step-by-step procedure for your experiment. This should be very specific, so that someone else who picked up this experiment could follow the same procedure you did.

** Procedure: **

** Results: ** **Directions:** After completing the procedure, you must come up with a hypothetical graph showing what you think the results will be.
 * Think about what your hypothesis is for the experiment. Use your hypothesis to **//predict//** what the actual results would be to this experiment if you did conduct it.
 * These results should be the dependent variable in your experiment, and should reflect your hypothesis statement
 * Create a graph, or a few graphs, that show what you expect the results to be from your experiment.

** Conclusion ** **Directions:** After creating your hypothetical data table and graphed the data, you must write a conclusion statement that summarizes and analyzes the results.
 * What do these results mean?
 * Did the results show an effect on fitness?
 * How do you know?
 * What do the results imply about the tritrophic interaction between the food source, //P. interpunctella//, and //H. hebetor//?

** Conclusion: ** **// Habrobracon hebetor //**** Fitness Experiment **

** Purpose: ** To determine how host fitness affects //Habrobracon hebetor// fitness using the results from the //Plodia interpunctella// experiment.

** Hypothesis: ** Both the low sugar and the low protein diet -reared moths would be poor hosts for the parasitic wasp //Habrobracon hebetor//, resulting in low fitness for the wasps from all three experimental diets (B, C, and D).

** Methods: **
 * 1) A healthy //H. hebetor// colony is reared using //P. interpunctella// hosts reared on the standard diet (Diet A - high sugar/high protein).
 * 2) Four last-instar larva were removed at a time from the colony and placed in a Petri dish, along with one mated adult //H. hebetor// wasp. This was done for each of the four diets (A, B, C, & D). All wasps used were newly emerged (within the previous 24 hours) wasps from the main colony as a control.
 * 3) The dishes were dated and labeled to keep track of the progress of each individual wasp, and stored in the incubator.
 * 4) The female wasp was left in the Petri dish for 24 hours to parasitize the moth larvae, and then it was removed.
 * 5) The wasps were promptly removed after 24 to standardize the foraging time for the wasp.
 * 6) The number of eggs laid in each Petri dish were counted, using a dissecting microscope, and recorded, as a measure of fitness.
 * 7) These eggs were allowed to develop in the incubator until adult wasps emerged.
 * 8) Once the adults emerged, the number of adults were counted and recorded, as a measure of fitness.
 * 9) The development time from the date the eggs were laid till the time they successfully emerged as adults was recorded as a measure of fitness.

** Results: ** **Results from //Habrobracon hebetor// Fitness Experiment**
 * ** Diet Type ** || ** Average # Eggs ** || ** Average # Adults Emerged ** || ** Average Development Time ** || ** Average % Female ** || ** Average % Survivorship ** ||
 * ** A ** || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 13.77 || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 9.2  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 11  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 46.2  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 64.5  ||
 * ** B ** || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 2 || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 0.25  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 11  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 100  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 8.4  ||
 * ** C ** || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 16.37 || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 10.73  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 11.5  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 46.3  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 63.8  ||
 * ** D ** || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 4.5 || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 1.67  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 11  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 40  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 26.9pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;"> 39.5  ||

**Table 1.** **Answer the following questions using the data from above and your own hypothetical experiment.**
 * 1) What do these results mean?


 * 1) Are there any trends that you can see?


 * 1) Does this data confirm or reject your initial hypothesis? How?


 * 1) In what ways was this experiment different from your hypothetical experiment?


 * 1) Did these results surprise you in any way? Explain why these results may be different from your own predictions.